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Ruby

Ruby a red gemstone

Ruby is a red gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide) in which the color is caused mainly by chromium. Its name originates from ruber or rubrum, Latin for red. Natural rubies are exceptionally rare, though artificial ones (sometimes called created ruby) can be manufactured by the Verneuil process relatively inexpensively. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires.

Rubies are mined in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Greenland. They are most often found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, though they have also been found in the U.S. states of Montana and South Carolina. Sometimes spinels are found along with rubies in the same geological formations and are mistaken for the more valuable gem. However, fine red spinels may approach the average ruby in value.

Rubies have a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and among the natural gems are only surpassed by diamonds in hardness.
Ruby gemstones are valued according to several characteristics including size, color, clarity and cut. All natural rubies have imperfections in them, including color impurities and inclusions. On the other hand, artificial rubies may have no imperfections. The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections, the more valuable the ruby is—unless there are no imperfections (i.e., a "perfect" ruby), in which case it is suspected of being artificially made and its status as a priceless gem is therefore not completely assured. Some manufactured rubies have dopants added to them so that they can be identified as artificial, but most require gemological testing to determine their origin.

A synthetic ruby crystal was used to create the first laser.
Rubies occasionally show asterism when cut into a cabochon. When they show this, they are referred to as "star rubies." They can sometimes be more valuable than normal rubies because asterism is rare.
The world's biggest ruby is the Rajaratna Ruby, which weighs 2,475 carats (495 g). Because the Rajaranta shows asterism, it is also the largest star ruby. The world's biggest double-star ruby (with a 12-pointed star) is the Neelanjali Ruby, weighing 1,370 carats (274 g). Both rubies currently belong to G. Vidyaraj from Bangalore, India.

According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word odem in the verse Exodus 28:17 means "ruby"; it was the stone on the Ephod representing the tribe of Reuben. Modern Hebrew has taken this meaning.
Ruby is also the most commonly named precious stone in the Bible
Ruby is the birthstone associated with July.

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Characteristics and classification

Synthetic and artificial gemstones